Tramadol Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets are indicated for the management of acute pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate. Limitations of Use: Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets are indicated for short-term use of five days or less. Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, which can occur at any dosage or duration [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] , reserve tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options (e.g., non-opioid analgesics): Have not been tolerated or are not expected to be tolerated, Have not provided adequate analgesia or are not expected to provide adequate analgesia. Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets should not be used for an extended period of time. Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets are a combination of tramadol hydrochloride, an opioid agonist, and acetaminophen, and are indicated for the management of acute pain, severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate. ( 1 ) Limitations of Use: ( 1 ) Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets are indicated for short-term use of five days or less. Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, which can occur at any dosage or duration, reserve tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options (e.g., non-opioid analgesics): Have not been tolerated or are not expected to be tolerated Have not provided adequate analgesia or are not expected to provide adequate analgesia Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets should not be used for an extended period of time.

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Discuss availability of naloxone with the patient and caregiver and assess each patient’s need for access to naloxone, both when initiating and renewing treatment with tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen. Consider prescribing naloxone based on the patient’s risk factors for overdose ( 2.2 , 5.1 , 5.2 , 5.3 ). Do not use with other acetaminophen- or tramadol-containing products. ( 2 , 5.20 ) Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets should be prescribed only by healthcare professionals who are knowledgeable about the use of opioids and how to mitigate the associated risks. ( 2.1 ) Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration of time consistent with individual patient treatment goals. Reserve titration to higher doses of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets for patients in whom lower doses are insufficiently effective and in whom the expected benefits of using a higher dose opioid clearly outweigh the substantial risks. ( 2.1 , 5 ) Many acute pain conditions (e.g., the pain that occurs with a number of surgical procedures or acute musculoskeletal injuries) require no more than a few days of an opioid analgesic. Clinical guidelines on opioid prescribing for some acute pain conditions are available. ( 2.1 ) Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patient’s underlying cause and severity of pain, prior analgesic treatment and response, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse. ( 2.1 , 5.1 ) Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially when initiating and following dosage increases with tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets. Consider this risk when selecting an initial dose and when making dose adjustments. ( 2.1 , 5.2 ) Severe Renal Impairment : Do not exceed 2 tablets every 12 hours. ( 2.4 ) Do not abruptly discontinue tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen in a physically dependent patient because rapid discontinuation of opioid analgesics has resulted in serious withdrawal symptoms, uncontrolled pain, and suicide. ( 2.5 ) Initiate treatment with in a dosing range of two tablets every 4 to 6 as needed for pain, and at the lowest dosage necessary to achieve adequate analgesia. Titrate the dosage based upon the individual patient’s response to their initial dose of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets; maximum of 8 tablets per day ( 2.3 , 5 ) 2.1 Important Dosage and Administration Instructions Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets are not approved for use for more than 5 days. Do not exceed the recommended dose of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets. Do not co-administer tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets with other tramadol or acetaminophen containing products [see Warnings and Precautions (5.20) ] . Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets should be prescribed only by healthcare professionals who are knowledgeable about the use of opioids and how to mitigate the associated risks. Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration of time consistent with individual patient treatment goals [see Warnings and Precautions (5) ]. Because the risk of overdose increases as opioid doses increase, reserve titration to higher doses of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets for patients in whom lower doses are insufficiently effective and in whom the expected benefits of using a higher dose opioid clearly outweigh the substantial risks. Many acute pain conditions (e.g., the pain that occurs with a number of surgical procedures or acute musculoskeletal injuries) require no more than a few days of an opioid analgesic. Clinical guidelines on opioid prescribing for some acute pain conditions are available. There is variability in the opioid analgesic dose and duration needed to adequately manage pain due both to the cause of pain and to individual patient factors. Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient in…

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Allodynia : Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia (OIH) occurs when an opioid analgesic paradoxically causes an increase in pain, or an increase in sensitivity to pain. If OIH is suspected, carefully consider appropriately decreasing the dose of the current opioid analgesic, or opioid rotation. ( 5.8 ) Serotonin Syndrome : May be life-threatening. Can occur with use of tramadol alone, with concomitant use of serotonergic drugs, with drugs that impair metabolism of serotonin or tramadol. ( 5.10 ) Risk of Seizure : Can occur at the recommended dose of tramadol. Concomitant use with other drugs may increase seizure risk. Risk may increase in patients with epilepsy, a history of seizures, and in patients with a recognized risk for seizures. ( 5.11 ) Risk of Suicide : Do not prescribe for suicidal or addiction-prone patients. ( 5.12 ) Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease or in Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients : Regularly evaluate closely, particularly during initiation and titration. ( 5.13 ) Adrenal Insufficiency : If diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement of corticosteroids, and wean patient off of the opioid. ( 5.14 ) Severe Hypotension : Regularly evaluate during dosage initiation and titration. Avoid use of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen in patients with circulatory shock. ( 5.15 ) Risks of Use in Patients with Increased Intracranial Pressure, Brain Tumors, Head Injury, or Impaired Consciousness : Regularly evaluate for sedation and respiratory depression. Avoid use of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen in patients with impaired consciousness or coma. ( 5.16 ) 5.1 Addiction, Abuse and Misuse Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets contain tramadol, a Schedule IV controlled substance. As an opioid, tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen exposes users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9) ] . Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen. Addiction can occur at recommended dosages and if the drug is misused or abused. Assess each patient’s risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse prior to prescribing tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen, and reassess all patients receiving tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen for the development of these behaviors and conditions. Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol abuse or addiction) or mental illness (e.g., major depression). The potential for these risks should not, however, prevent the proper management of pain in any given patient. Patients at increased risk may be prescribed opioids such as tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen, but use in such patients necessitates intensive counseling about the risks and proper use of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen along with frequent reevaluation for signs of addiction, abuse, and misuse. Consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] . Opioids are sought for nonmedical use and are subject to diversion from legitimate prescribed use. Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity and advising the patient on careful storage of the drug during the course of treatment and proper disposal of unused drug. Contact local state professional licensing board or state-controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product. 5.2 Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, even when used as …

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets are contraindicated for: all children younger than 12 years of age [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] post-operative management in children younger than 18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] . Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets are also contraindicated in patients with: Significant respiratory depression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] . Acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13) ] . Patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.18) ] . Previous hypersensitivity to tramadol, acetaminophen, any other component of this product, or opioids [see Warnings and Precautions (5.19) ] . Concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or use within the last 14 days [see Drug Interactions (7) ] . Children younger than 12 years of age ( 4 ) Postoperative management in children younger than 18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. ( 4 ) Significant respiratory depression. ( 4 ) Acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in absence of resuscitative equipment. ( 4 ) Known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus. ( 4 ) Previous hypersensitivity to tramadol hydrochloride, acetaminophen, any other component of this product, or opioids. ( 4 ) Concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or use of MAOIs within the last 14 days ( 4 )

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Table 2 includes clinically significant interactions with tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen. Table 2: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Tramadol Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen Inhibitors of CYP2D6 Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen and CYP2D6 inhibitors may result in an increase in the plasma concentration of tramadol and a decrease in the plasma concentration of M1, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen is achieved. Since M1 is a more potent µ-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who had developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. After stopping a CYP2D6 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the tramadol plasma concentration will decrease and the M1 plasma concentration will increase which could increase or prolong therapeutic effects but also increase adverse reactions related to opioid toxicity, and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Intervention: If concomitant use of a CYP2D6 inhibitor is necessary, evaluate patients at frequent intervals for adverse reactions including opioid withdrawal, seizures and serotonin syndrome. If a CYP2D6 inhibitor is discontinued, consider lowering tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Evaluate patients at frequent intervals for adverse events including respiratory depression and sedation. Examples: Quinidine, fluoxetine, paroxetine and bupropion Inhibitors of CYP3A4 Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen and CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and may result in a greater amount of metabolism via CYP2D6 and greater levels of M1. Follow patients closely for increased risk of serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome, and adverse reactions related to opioid toxicity including potentially fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen is achieved. After stopping a CYP3A4 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the tramadol plasma concentration will decrease [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] , resulting in decreased opioid efficacy and possibly signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who had developed physical dependence to tramadol. Intervention: If concomitant use is necessary, consider dosage reduction of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen until stable drug effects are achieved. Evaluate patients at frequent intervals for seizures and serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. If a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen dosage until stable drug effects are achieved and evaluate patients for signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Examples: Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole), protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir) CYP3A4 Inducers Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen and CYP3A4 inducers can decrease the plasma concentration of tramadol [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] , resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. After stopping a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inducer decline, the tramadol plasma concentration will increase [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] , which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic effects and adverse react…

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following serious adverse reactions are discussed, or described in greater detail, in other sections: Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Ultra-Rapid Metabolism of Tramadol and Other Risk Factors for Life-threatening Respiratory Depression in Children [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) ] Interactions with Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Allodynia [See Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] Serotonin Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10) ] Seizures [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11) ] Suicide [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12) ] Adrenal Insufficiency [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14) ] Severe Hypotension [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15) ] Gastrointestinal Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.18) ] Hypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.19) ] Withdrawal [see Warnings and Precautions (5.21) ] The most common incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (≥3.0%) in patients from clinical trials were constipation, diarrhea, nausea, somnolence, anorexia, dizziness, and sweating increased. ( 6 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc. at 1-866-850-2876 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The most common incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (≥3.0%) in subjects from clinical trials was constipation, diarrhea, nausea, somnolence, anorexia, dizziness, and sweating increased. Table 1 shows the incidence rate of treatment-emergent adverse events reported in ≥2.0% of subjects over five days of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen use in clinical trials (subjects took an average of at least 6 tablets per day). Table 1: Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (≥2.0%) Body System Preferred Term Tramadol Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen (N=142) (%) Gastrointestinal System Disorders Constipation Diarrhea Nausea Dry Mouth Psychiatric Disorders Somnolence Anorexia Insomnia Central & Peripheral Nervous System Dizziness Skin and Appendages Sweating Increased Pruritus Reproductive Disorders, Male* Prostatic Disorder 6 3 3 2 6 3 2 3 4 2 2 * Number of males = 62 Incidence at least 1%, causal relationship at least possible or greater: The following lists adverse reactions that occurred with an incidence of at least 1% in single-dose or repeated-dose clinical trials of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen. Body as a Whole – Asthenia, fatigue, hot flushes Central and Peripheral Nervous System – Dizziness, headache, tremor Gastrointestinal System – Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting Psychiatric Disorders – Anorexia, anxiety, confusion, euphoria, insomnia, nervousness, somnolence Skin and Appendages – Pruritus, rash, increased sweating Selected Adverse events occurring at less than 1%: The following lists clinically relevant adverse reactions that occurred with an incidence of less than 1% in tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen clinical trials. Body as a Whole – Chest pain, rigors, syncope, withdrawal syndrome Cardiovascular Disorders – Hypertension, aggravated hypertension, hypotension Central and Peripheral Nervous System – Ataxia, convulsions, hypertonia, migraine, aggravated migraine, involuntary muscle contractions, paresthesias, stupor, vertigo Gastrointestinal System – Dysphagia, melena, tongue edema Hearing and Vestibular Disorders – Tinnitus Heart…